The ancient civilization located in Mesopotamia is the Sumerians. They are known for creating one of the world's first urban centers around 4500 BC, developing significant innovations such as writing (cuneiform), the wheel, and complex irrigation systems. Mesopotamia, often referred to as the "cradle of civilization," produced multiple city-states like Ur and Babylon. Their contributions to law, mathematics, and literature played a foundational role in human history.