The oldest surviving map of the world is known as the Tabula Rogeriana, created in 1154 by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi for King Roger II of Sicily. This map illustrates the known world at that time and reflects a sophisticated understanding of geography, showcasing regions, cities, and landmarks based on extensive travel and trade routes. It is significant for its historical value in cartography and global exploration and is housed in various collections today.