The ancient civilization that wrote the Epic of Gilgamesh is the Sumerians. This Mesopotamian civilization, known for its innovations in writing, agriculture, and urban planning, flourished in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers around 3000 BCE. The Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest known works of literature, narrates the adventures of Gilgamesh, a historical king of Uruk, exploring themes of friendship, mortality, and the quest for immortality. The epic was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and preserves insights into Sumerian beliefs, culture, and societal values, making it essential for understanding early human civilization and literature.