The country with the largest population in the world is China. As of the latest estimates, China has a population exceeding 1.4 billion people, making it the most populous nation on Earth. This vast population has resulted from a combination of historical factors, including agricultural advancements and improvements in healthcare over the past century. China's demographic landscape is diverse, encompassing a wide array of ethnic groups and cultures. However, due to recent trends in birth rates and population policies, India is projected to potentially surpass China in the near future.