The civilization that built the pyramids is the ancient Egyptians. These monumental structures were constructed during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods, primarily as royal tombs for pharaohs. The most famous of these pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Giza, was built during the Fourth Dynasty around 2580–2560 BC. The construction of the pyramids reflects the Egyptians' advanced understanding of engineering, mathematics, and organized labor. The pyramids served not only as burial places but also played a significant role in their religion, symbolizing the pharaoh’s journey to the afterlife and his connection with the gods.