The ancient civilization known for its contributions to mathematics and astronomy is the Babylonians. Flourishing in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly in modern-day Iraq, they developed one of the earliest known forms of mathematics based on a sexagesimal (base-60) system. Their advancements included the creation of a calendar, the identification of celestial bodies, and early astronomical observations. The Babylonians calculated the area of fields, the volume of containers, and made significant contributions to geometry and algebra. Their work laid down foundational concepts that influenced later civilizations, including the Greeks and even the development of modern mathematics.