In the UPSC Mains exam, essays typically cover a wide range of topics, including social issues, current events, and philosophical themes. Candidates may be asked to write essays expressing their views or analyzing a subject critically. Commonly, topics are thought-provoking and encourage candidates to demonstrate their understanding of societal dynamics, governance, and ethical considerations. Writing well-structured essays not only showcases analytical abilities but also reflects the candidate's grasp of language and conceptual understanding.