Essays included in the UPSC Mains exam often cover diverse themes such as social issues, governance, technology, and ethics. Topics may require candidates to express their opinions, analyze situations, or propose solutions to problems faced by society. Interdisciplinary themes are common, encouraging critical thinking and integration of various knowledge areas. The ability to present a coherent argument and support it with relevant examples is essential. Overall, aspirants are expected to demonstrate not only their writing skills but also their understanding of contemporary issues and the ability to relate them to larger societal contexts.