Common types of essays encountered in the UPSC mains examination include topics on socio-economic issues, national policies, and public administration. Essays often require candidates to critically analyze contemporary challenges, propose solutions, or discuss the relevance of historical events. Additionally, moral and ethical dilemmas are popular themes that test candidates' ability to articulate their thoughts clearly and coherently. Crafting essays on such topics requires a deep understanding of various issues, effective argumentation skills, and the ability to tie in diverse perspectives, which are crucial qualities for future civil servants.