The General Studies paper of UPSC mains generally includes topics such as Indian heritage and culture, governance, international relations, technology, biodiversity, and environmental issues. It also touches on disaster management, economic development, and societal issues including poverty and education. Candidates are required to demonstrate a thorough understanding of these subjects, linking them to contemporary issues while showcasing analytical and evaluative skills. Furthermore, questions may cover various policies, Programs, and current government initiatives, all of which require regular engagement with current affairs and in-depth study.