Effective study techniques for a comprehensive understanding of sociology for UPSC include active reading and summarization. Utilizing mind maps can help visualize connections among key concepts, fostering better retention. Regularly discussing topics with peers also enhances comprehension through diverse perspectives. Incorporating relevant case studies strengthens practical application of sociological theories. Developing a habit of connecting sociological concepts to current events ensures their relevance. Finally, practicing past papers allows candidates to familiarize themselves with question patterns and enhance critical writing skills necessary for the examination.