Methodologies in public policy analysis such as cost-benefit analysis, stakeholder analysis, and impact evaluation are key to UPSC studies. Understanding these methodologies enables aspirants to critically assess policy effectiveness and address societal issues intelligently. Familiarity with empirical research methods and qualitative tools aids candidates in comprehending and interpreting various public policies. Studying successful policy case studies can also illustrate these methodologies in practice, enhancing the ability to formulate and critique policy proposals. This analytical skill set is invaluable not just for the exam, but also for effective governance.