Common methodologies used in educational research relevant to UPSC include qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative research focuses on understanding educational phenomena through interviews, focus groups, and observational studies. This allows researchers to gain deep insights into student experiences and behaviors. Conversely, quantitative research employs surveys and statistical methods to quantify data and identify patterns among larger populations. Both methodologies are valuable in providing a comprehensive understanding of educational issues and informing policy decisions. Additionally, mixed-methods research, which integrates both approaches, offers a well-rounded perspective. Together, these methodologies contribute to evidence-based practices in the education sector.