Formative assessments, such as periodic mock tests and self-evaluations, play a crucial role in guiding UPSC study progress by enabling candidates to identify strengths and weaknesses in their understanding of subjects. They encourage continuous learning and adjustment of study plans. Conversely, summative assessments, such as final mock exams or comprehensive tests, help measure overall preparedness and retention of information. Both types of assessments promote a targeted approach in preparation, ensuring aspirants are not only absorbing knowledge but also applying it effectively in a high-pressure exam setting.