Effective brainstorming techniques for formulating ideas in essays and answers include using mind maps, free writing, and structured outlines. Mind maps enable candidates to visually arrange topics and subtopics, promoting idea connectivity and enhancing creativity. Free writing allows for spontaneous expression of thoughts without constraints, providing raw material for further development. Creating structured outlines helps in organizing and prioritizing key points logically, making the writing process smoother. By employing these methods, candidates can generate compelling arguments and presentations, leading to more persuasive and organized responses in both written and verbal examinations.