The famous physicist who revolutionized the understanding of atomic structure is Erwin Schrödinger. His formulation of quantum mechanics was groundbreaking, particularly through the development of the Schrödinger Equation, which describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes over time. Schrödinger's contributions provided critical insights into the behavior of atoms and subatomic particles. His work has fundamental implications in modern physics and chemistry, shaping current research and technological advancements.