The historical figure known as the "Mother of the Civil Rights Movement" is Rosa Parks. Her refusal to give up her bus seat to a white passenger in 1955 sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a pivotal event in the civil rights struggle. Parks' courage highlighted the systemic racism faced by African Americans and galvanized widespread activism for racial equality. Her actions symbolized the fight against segregation and remain a powerful reminder of the importance of standing up against injustice.