The famous painter known for his use of color in "Starry Night" is Vincent van Gogh. This iconic artwork, created during his stay at the asylum of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole in 1889, showcases Van Gogh's innovative use of swirling, vibrant colors and expressive brushwork, embodying his emotional turmoil and unique vision. The painting remains one of the most celebrated masterpieces in Western art history.